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  <div class="section" id="using-python-on-unix-platforms">
<span id="using-on-unix"></span><h1><span class="section-number">2. </span>在类Unix环境下使用Python<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-unix-platforms" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.1. </span>获得并安装Python的最新版本<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="on-linux">
<h3><span class="section-number">2.1.1. </span>在Linux中<a class="headerlink" href="#on-linux" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python预装在大多数Linux发行版上，并作为一个包提供给所有其他用户。 但是，您可能想要使用的某些功能在发行版提供的软件包中不可用。这时您可以从源代码轻松编译最新版本的Python。</p>
<p>如果Python没有预先安装并且不在发行版提供的库中，您可以轻松地为自己使用的发行版创建包。 参阅以下链接：</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html">https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html</a></dt><dd><p>对于Debian用户</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging">https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging</a></dt><dd><p>对于OpenSuse用户</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html">https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html</a></dt><dd><p>对于Fedora用户</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html">http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html</a></dt><dd><p>对于Slackware用户</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="on-freebsd-and-openbsd">
<h3><span class="section-number">2.1.2. </span>在FreeBSD和OpenBSD上<a class="headerlink" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><p>FreeBSD用户，使用以下命令添加包:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg install python3
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>OpenBSD用户，使用以下命令添加包:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add -r python

pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/&lt;insert your architecture here&gt;/python-&lt;version&gt;.tgz
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>例如：i386用户获取Python 2.5.1的可用版本:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="on-opensolaris">
<h3><span class="section-number">2.1.3. </span>在OpenSolaris系统上<a class="headerlink" href="#on-opensolaris" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
<p>你可以从 <a class="reference external" href="https://www.opencsw.org/">OpenCSW</a> 获取、安装及使用各种版本的Python。比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">python27</span></code> 。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="building-python">
<span id="building-python-on-unix"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.2. </span>构建Python<a class="headerlink" href="#building-python" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>如果你想自己编译CPython，首先要做的是获取 <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/source/">source</a> 。您可以下载最新版本的源代码，也可以直接提取最新的 <a class="reference external" href="https://devguide.python.org/setup/#getting-the-source-code">clone</a> 。 （如果你想要制作补丁，则需要克隆代码。）</p>
<p>构建过程包括通常:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./configure
make
make install
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>注：特定Unix平台的配置选项和注意事项通常记录在Python源代码树根目录的 <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/README.rst">README.rst</a> 文件中。</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">警告</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> 可以覆盖或伪装 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> 二进制文件。因此，建议使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">altinstall</span></code> 而不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> ，因为后者只安装了 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code> 。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-related-paths-and-files">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.3. </span>与Python相关的路径和文件<a class="headerlink" href="#python-related-paths-and-files" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>这取决于本地安装惯例； <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> （ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${prefix}</span></code> ）和 <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> （ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${exec_prefix}</span></code> ）  取决于安装，应解释为GNU软件；它们可能相同。</p>
<p>例如，在大多数Linux系统上，两者的默认值是 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr</span></code> 。</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 53%" />
<col style="width: 47%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>文件/目录</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>含义</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python3</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>解释器的推荐位置</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
<td><p>包含标准模块的目录的推荐位置</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
<td><p>包含开发Python扩展和嵌入解释器所需的include文件的目录的推荐位置</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="miscellaneous">
<h2><span class="section-number">2.4. </span>杂项<a class="headerlink" href="#miscellaneous" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>要在Unix上使用Python脚本，需要添加可执行权限，例如：</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> chmod +x script
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>并在脚本的顶部放置一个合适的Shebang线。一个很好的选择通常是:</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>将在整个 <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code> 中搜索Python解释器。但是，某些Unix系统可能没有 <strong class="program">env</strong> 命令，因此可能需要将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/python3</span></code> 硬编码为解释器路径。</p>
<p>要在Python脚本中使用shell命令，请查看 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a> 模块。</p>
</div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. 在类Unix环境下使用Python</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. 获得并安装Python的最新版本</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-linux">2.1.1. 在Linux中</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. 在FreeBSD和OpenBSD上</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-opensolaris">2.1.3. 在OpenSolaris系统上</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-python">2.2. 构建Python</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. 与Python相关的路径和文件</a></li>
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